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183 lines
8.9 KiB
183 lines
8.9 KiB
# KMS Quickstart Guide [](https://slack.minio.io)
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Minio uses a key-management-system (KMS) to support SSE-S3. If a client requests SSE-S3, or auto-encryption
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is enabled, the Minio server encrypts each object with an unique object key which is protected by a master key
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managed by the KMS. Usually all object keys are protected by a single master key.
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Minio supports two different KMS concepts:
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- External KMS:
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Minio can be configured to use an external KMS i.e. [Hashicorp Vault](https://www.vaultproject.io/).
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An external KMS decouples Minio as storage system from key-management. An external KMS can
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be managed by a dedicated security team and allows you to grant/deny access to (certain) objects
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by enabling or disabling the corresponding master keys on demand.
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- Direct KMS master keys:
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Minio can also be configured to directly use a master key specified by the environment variable `MINIO_SSE_MASTER_KEY`.
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Direct master keys are useful if the storage backend is not on the same machine as the Minio server, e.g.,
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if network drives or Minio gateway is used and an external KMS would cause too much management overhead.
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Note: KMS master keys are mainly for testing purposes. It's not recommended to use them for production deployments.
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Further if the Minio server machine is ever compromised, then the master key must also be treated as compromised.
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**Important:**
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If multiple Minio servers are configured as [gateways](https://github.com/minio/minio/blob/master/docs/gateway/README.md)
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pointing to the *same* backend - for example the same NAS storage - then the KMS configuration **must** be the same for
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all gateways. Otherwise one gateway may not be able to decrypt objects created by another gateway. It is the operators'
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responsibility to ensure consistency.
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## Get started
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### 1. Prerequisites
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Install Minio - [Minio Quickstart Guide](https://docs.minio.io/docs/minio-quickstart-guide).
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### 2. Setup a KMS
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Either use Hashicorp Vault as external KMS or specify a master key directly depending on your use case.
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#### 2.1 Setup Hashicorp Vault
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Here is a sample quick start for configuring vault with a transit backend and Approle with correct policy
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Minio requires the following Vault setup:
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- The [transit backend](https://www.vaultproject.io/api/secret/transit/index.html) configured with a named encryption key-ring
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- [AppRole](https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/auth/approle.html) based authentication with read/update policy for transit backend. In particular, read and update policy are required for the [Generate Data Key](https://www.vaultproject.io/api/secret/transit/index.html#generate-data-key) endpoint and [Decrypt Data](https://www.vaultproject.io/api/secret/transit/index.html#decrypt-data) endpoint.
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**2.1.1 Start Vault server in dev mode**
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In dev mode, Vault server runs in-memory and starts unsealed. Note that running Vault in dev mode is insecure and any data stored in the Vault is lost upon restart.
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```
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vault server -dev
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```
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**2.1.2 Set up vault transit backend and create an app role**
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```
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cat > vaultpolicy.hcl <<EOF
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path "transit/datakey/plaintext/my-minio-key" {
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capabilities = [ "read", "update"]
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}
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path "transit/decrypt/my-minio-key" {
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capabilities = [ "read", "update"]
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}
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path "transit/encrypt/my-minio-key" {
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capabilities = [ "read", "update"]
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}
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EOF
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export VAULT_ADDR='http://127.0.0.1:8200'
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vault auth enable approle # enable approle style auth
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vault secrets enable transit # enable transit secrets engine
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vault write -f transit/keys/my-minio-key #define a encryption key-ring for the transit path
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vault policy write minio-policy ./vaultpolicy.hcl #define a policy for AppRole to access transit path
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vault write auth/approle/role/my-role token_num_uses=0 secret_id_num_uses=0 period=5m # period indicates it is renewable if token is renewed before the period is over
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# define an AppRole
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vault write auth/approle/role/my-role policies=minio-policy # apply policy to role
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vault read auth/approle/role/my-role/role-id # get Approle ID
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vault write -f auth/approle/role/my-role/secret-id
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```
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The AppRole ID, AppRole Secret Id, Vault endpoint and Vault key name can now be used to start minio server with Vault as KMS.
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**2.1.3 Vault Environment variables**
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You'll need the Vault endpoint, AppRole ID, AppRole SecretID and encryption key-ring name defined in step 2.1.2
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```sh
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_APPROLE_ID=9b56cc08-8258-45d5-24a3-679876769126
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_APPROLE_SECRET=4e30c52f-13e4-a6f5-0763-d50e8cb4321f
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_ENDPOINT=https://vault-endpoint-ip:8200
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_KEY_NAME=my-minio-key
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_AUTH_TYPE=approle
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minio server ~/export
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```
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Optionally, set `MINIO_SSE_VAULT_CAPATH` to a directory of PEM-encoded CA cert files to use mTLS for client-server authentication.
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```
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_CAPATH=/home/user/custom-certs
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```
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An additional option is to set `MINIO_SSE_VAULT_NAMESPACE` if AppRole and Transit Secrets engine have been scoped to Vault Namespace
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```
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_NAMESPACE=ns1
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```
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Note: If [Vault Namespaces](https://learn.hashicorp.com/vault/operations/namespaces) are in use, MINIO_SSE_VAULT_NAMESPACE variable needs to be set before setting approle and transit secrets engine.
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Minio gateway to S3 supports encryption. Three encryption modes are possible - encryption can be set to ``pass-through`` to backend, ``single encryption`` (at the gateway) or ``double encryption`` (single encryption at gateway and pass through to backend). This can be specified by setting MINIO_GATEWAY_SSE and KMS environment variables set in Step 2.1.2.
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If MINIO_GATEWAY_SSE and KMS are not setup, all encryption headers are passed through to the backend. If KMS environment variables are set up, ``single encryption`` is automatically performed at the gateway and encrypted object is saved at the backend.
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To specify ``double encryption``, MINIO_GATEWAY_SSE environment variable needs to be set to "s3" for sse-s3
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and "c" for sse-c encryption. More than one encryption option can be set, delimited by ";". Objects are encrypted at the gateway and the gateway also does a pass-through to backend. Note that in the case of SSE-C encryption, gateway derives a unique SSE-C key for pass through from the SSE-C client key using a KDF.
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```sh
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export MINIO_GATEWAY_SSE="s3;c"
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_APPROLE_ID=9b56cc08-8258-45d5-24a3-679876769126
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_APPROLE_SECRET=4e30c52f-13e4-a6f5-0763-d50e8cb4321f
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_ENDPOINT=https://vault-endpoint-ip:8200
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_KEY_NAME=my-minio-key
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export MINIO_SSE_VAULT_AUTH_TYPE=approle
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minio gateway s3
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```
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#### 2.2 Specify a master key
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A KMS master key consists of a master-key ID (CMK) and the 256 bit master key encoded as HEX value separated by a `:`.
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A KMS master key can be specified directly using:
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```sh
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export MINIO_SSE_MASTER_KEY=my-minio-key:6368616e676520746869732070617373776f726420746f206120736563726574
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```
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Please use your own master key. A random master key can be generated using e.g. this command on Linux/Mac/BSD* systems:
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```sh
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head -c 32 /dev/urandom | xxd -c 32 -ps
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```
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### 3. Test your setup
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To test this setup, start minio server with environment variables set in Step 3, and server is ready to handle SSE-S3 requests.
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### Auto-Encryption
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Minio can also enable auto-encryption **if** a valid KMS configuration is specified and the storage backend supports
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encrypted objects. Auto-Encryption, if enabled, ensures that all uploaded objects are encrypted using the specified
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KMS configuration.
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Auto-Encryption is useful especially if the Minio operator wants to ensure that objects are **never** stored in
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plaintext - for example if sensitive data is stored on public cloud storage.
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To enable auto-encryption set the environment variable to `on`:
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```sh
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export MINIO_SSE_AUTO_ENCRYPTION=on
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```
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To verify auto-encryption, use the `mc` command:
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```sh
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mc cp test.file myminio/crypt/
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test.file: 5 B / 5 B ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ 100.00% 337 B/s 0s
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mc stat myminio/crypt/test.file
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Name : test.file
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...
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Encrypted :
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X-Amz-Server-Side-Encryption: AES256
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```
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Note: Auto-Encryption only affects non-SSE-C requests since objects uploaded using SSE-C are already encrypted
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and S3 only allows either SSE-S3 or SSE-C but not both for the same object.
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# Explore Further
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- [Use `mc` with Minio Server](https://docs.minio.io/docs/minio-client-quickstart-guide)
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- [Use `aws-cli` with Minio Server](https://docs.minio.io/docs/aws-cli-with-minio)
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- [Use `s3cmd` with Minio Server](https://docs.minio.io/docs/s3cmd-with-minio)
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- [Use `minio-go` SDK with Minio Server](https://docs.minio.io/docs/golang-client-quickstart-guide)
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- [The Minio documentation website](https://docs.minio.io)
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